Reading Comprehension
Reading Comprehension: English Reading Comprehension Exercises with Answers, Sample Passages for Reading Comprehension Test for GRE, CAT, IELTS preparation
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English Reading Comprehension Test Questions and Answers. Improve your ability to read and comprehend English Passages
Q281. > The genesis of service tax emanates from the ongoing structural
> transformation of the Indian economy, whereby presently more than
> one-half of GDP originates from the services sector. Despite the
> growing presence of the services sector in the Indian economy, it
> remained out of the tax net prior to 1994-95, leading to a steady
> deterioration in tax-GDP ratio. The service tax was introduced in
> 1994-95 on a select category of services at a low rate of five
> percent. While the service tax rate and the coverage of services being
> taxed have increased ever since, the combined tax-GDP ratio of the
> Centre and States, nevertheless, deteriorated from 16.4 percent in
> 1985-86 to 14.1 percent in 1999-2000. It may be noted that between
> 1990-91 and 1998-99, the share of industrial sector in GDP dropped by
> 6.4 percentage points whereas almost 64 percent of the tax revenue was generated by indirect taxes for which industrial sector continues to
> be the principal tax base. On the other hand, during the same period,
> the share of services sector in GDP has increased by 10 percentage
> points and this sector has still remained poorly taxed. The rationale
> for service tax, therefore, lies not only in arresting the falling
> tax-GDP ratio but also in ipso facto improving allocative efficiency
> in the economy as well as promoting equity. Against this backdrop, the
> service tax needs to be designed taking into account the fact that (i)
> the share of services in GDP is expanding; (ii) failure to tax
> services distorts consumer choices and encourages spending on services
> at the expense of goods; (iii) untaxed service traders are unable to
> claim value added tax (VAT) on service inputs, which encourages
> businesses to develop in-house services, creating further distortion
> and (iv) most services that are likely to become taxable are
> positively correlated with expenditure of high-income households and,
> therefore, service tax improves equity. In the Indian context,
> taxation of services assumes importance in the wake of the need for
> improving the revenue system, ensuring a measure of neutrality in
> taxation between goods and services and eventually helping to evolve
> an efficient system of domestic trade taxes, both at the Central and
> the State levels. The coverage of services under tax net has been
> progressively widened over the years. With effect of the Finance Act,
> 2004. 71 services are presently contributing to the service tax collections. The service tax is applicable to all parts of India
> except the State of Jammu and Kashmir and is leviable on the gross
> amount charged by the service provider from the client. The rate of
> service tax was increased from 5 percent since September 10, 2004.
> With the increase in tax rate and base of service tax, the collections
> from the service tax have shown a steady rise from Rs. 410 crore in
> 1994-95 to Rs. 8,300 crore in 2003-04; however, they accounted for
> only 4.4 percent of the total tax receipts of the Centre (0.3 percent
> of GDP) in 2003-04. Service tax is envisaged as the tax of the future.
> The inclusion of all value added services in the tax net would yield a
> larger amount of revenue and make the existing tax structure more
> elastic. Once the service sector is adequately covered under tax net,
> the buoyant services sector will enable the reversal of declining
> trend in tax buoyancy. Besides raising the revenue buoyancy,
> appropriate taxation of services sector would also provide equity,
> efficiency and consistency in the tax administration as well as
> neutrality for various economic activities. Integration of services
> sector to the tax net would be the prelude to the introduction of a
> full-fledged VAT system.
Which of the following is MOST likely to provide neutrality to various economic activities?
- Increase in revenue buoyancy
- Fairness in tax administration
- Equity and efficiency in various activities.
- Consistency in tax structure and revenue buoyancy
- None of these
Solution : Equity and efficiency in various activities.
Q282. > The genesis of service tax emanates from the ongoing structural
> transformation of the Indian economy, whereby presently more than
> one-half of GDP originates from the services sector. Despite the
> growing presence of the services sector in the Indian economy, it
> remained out of the tax net prior to 1994-95, leading to a steady
> deterioration in tax-GDP ratio. The service tax was introduced in
> 1994-95 on a select category of services at a low rate of five
> percent. While the service tax rate and the coverage of services being
> taxed have increased ever since, the combined tax-GDP ratio of the
> Centre and States, nevertheless, deteriorated from 16.4 percent in
> 1985-86 to 14.1 percent in 1999-2000. It may be noted that between
> 1990-91 and 1998-99, the share of industrial sector in GDP dropped by
> 6.4 percentage points whereas almost 64 percent of the tax revenue was generated by indirect taxes for which industrial sector continues to
> be the principal tax base. On the other hand, during the same period,
> the share of services sector in GDP has increased by 10 percentage
> points and this sector has still remained poorly taxed. The rationale
> for service tax, therefore, lies not only in arresting the falling
> tax-GDP ratio but also in ipso facto improving allocative efficiency
> in the economy as well as promoting equity. Against this backdrop, the
> service tax needs to be designed taking into account the fact that (i)
> the share of services in GDP is expanding; (ii) failure to tax
> services distorts consumer choices and encourages spending on services
> at the expense of goods; (iii) untaxed service traders are unable to
> claim value added tax (VAT) on service inputs, which encourages
> businesses to develop in-house services, creating further distortion
> and (iv) most services that are likely to become taxable are
> positively correlated with expenditure of high-income households and,
> therefore, service tax improves equity. In the Indian context,
> taxation of services assumes importance in the wake of the need for
> improving the revenue system, ensuring a measure of neutrality in
> taxation between goods and services and eventually helping to evolve
> an efficient system of domestic trade taxes, both at the Central and
> the State levels. The coverage of services under tax net has been
> progressively widened over the years. With effect of the Finance Act,
> 2004. 71 services are presently contributing to the service tax collections. The service tax is applicable to all parts of India
> except the State of Jammu and Kashmir and is leviable on the gross
> amount charged by the service provider from the client. The rate of
> service tax was increased from 5 percent since September 10, 2004.
> With the increase in tax rate and base of service tax, the collections
> from the service tax have shown a steady rise from Rs. 410 crore in
> 1994-95 to Rs. 8,300 crore in 2003-04; however, they accounted for
> only 4.4 percent of the total tax receipts of the Centre (0.3 percent
> of GDP) in 2003-04. Service tax is envisaged as the tax of the future.
> The inclusion of all value added services in the tax net would yield a
> larger amount of revenue and make the existing tax structure more
> elastic. Once the service sector is adequately covered under tax net,
> the buoyant services sector will enable the reversal of declining
> trend in tax buoyancy. Besides raising the revenue buoyancy,
> appropriate taxation of services sector would also provide equity,
> efficiency and consistency in the tax administration as well as
> neutrality for various economic activities. Integration of services
> sector to the tax net would be the prelude to the introduction of a
> full-fledged VAT system.
What is the probable impact of bringing all value added services under the tax net?
(A) It will yield a larger revenue.
(B) It will provide flexibility to the present tax structure.
(C) It will progressively decrease tax buoyancy.
- A and C only
- B and C only
- A and B only
- All the three
- None of these
Solution : A and B only
Q283. > The genesis of service tax emanates from the ongoing structural
> transformation of the Indian economy, whereby presently more than
> one-half of GDP originates from the services sector. Despite the
> growing presence of the services sector in the Indian economy, it
> remained out of the tax net prior to 1994-95, leading to a steady
> deterioration in tax-GDP ratio. The service tax was introduced in
> 1994-95 on a select category of services at a low rate of five
> percent. While the service tax rate and the coverage of services being
> taxed have increased ever since, the combined tax-GDP ratio of the
> Centre and States, nevertheless, deteriorated from 16.4 percent in
> 1985-86 to 14.1 percent in 1999-2000. It may be noted that between
> 1990-91 and 1998-99, the share of industrial sector in GDP dropped by
> 6.4 percentage points whereas almost 64 percent of the tax revenue was generated by indirect taxes for which industrial sector continues to
> be the principal tax base. On the other hand, during the same period,
> the share of services sector in GDP has increased by 10 percentage
> points and this sector has still remained poorly taxed. The rationale
> for service tax, therefore, lies not only in arresting the falling
> tax-GDP ratio but also in ipso facto improving allocative efficiency
> in the economy as well as promoting equity. Against this backdrop, the
> service tax needs to be designed taking into account the fact that (i)
> the share of services in GDP is expanding; (ii) failure to tax
> services distorts consumer choices and encourages spending on services
> at the expense of goods; (iii) untaxed service traders are unable to
> claim value added tax (VAT) on service inputs, which encourages
> businesses to develop in-house services, creating further distortion
> and (iv) most services that are likely to become taxable are
> positively correlated with expenditure of high-income households and,
> therefore, service tax improves equity. In the Indian context,
> taxation of services assumes importance in the wake of the need for
> improving the revenue system, ensuring a measure of neutrality in
> taxation between goods and services and eventually helping to evolve
> an efficient system of domestic trade taxes, both at the Central and
> the State levels. The coverage of services under tax net has been
> progressively widened over the years. With effect of the Finance Act,
> 2004. 71 services are presently contributing to the service tax collections. The service tax is applicable to all parts of India
> except the State of Jammu and Kashmir and is leviable on the gross
> amount charged by the service provider from the client. The rate of
> service tax was increased from 5 percent since September 10, 2004.
> With the increase in tax rate and base of service tax, the collections
> from the service tax have shown a steady rise from Rs. 410 crore in
> 1994-95 to Rs. 8,300 crore in 2003-04; however, they accounted for
> only 4.4 percent of the total tax receipts of the Centre (0.3 percent
> of GDP) in 2003-04. Service tax is envisaged as the tax of the future.
> The inclusion of all value added services in the tax net would yield a
> larger amount of revenue and make the existing tax structure more
> elastic. Once the service sector is adequately covered under tax net,
> the buoyant services sector will enable the reversal of declining
> trend in tax buoyancy. Besides raising the revenue buoyancy,
> appropriate taxation of services sector would also provide equity,
> efficiency and consistency in the tax administration as well as
> neutrality for various economic activities. Integration of services
> sector to the tax net would be the prelude to the introduction of a
> full-fledged VAT system.
When the author mentions that the service taxes constitute 0.3 percent of GDP, he implies that __________
- it is a substantially high amount
- the service taxes show a very progressive trend
- it is a very small amount
- there is no scope for further increase
- None of these
Solution : it is a very small amount
Q284. > The genesis of service tax emanates from the ongoing structural
> transformation of the Indian economy, whereby presently more than
> one-half of GDP originates from the services sector. Despite the
> growing presence of the services sector in the Indian economy, it
> remained out of the tax net prior to 1994-95, leading to a steady
> deterioration in tax-GDP ratio. The service tax was introduced in
> 1994-95 on a select category of services at a low rate of five
> percent. While the service tax rate and the coverage of services being
> taxed have increased ever since, the combined tax-GDP ratio of the
> Centre and States, nevertheless, deteriorated from 16.4 percent in
> 1985-86 to 14.1 percent in 1999-2000. It may be noted that between
> 1990-91 and 1998-99, the share of industrial sector in GDP dropped by
> 6.4 percentage points whereas almost 64 percent of the tax revenue was generated by indirect taxes for which industrial sector continues to
> be the principal tax base. On the other hand, during the same period,
> the share of services sector in GDP has increased by 10 percentage
> points and this sector has still remained poorly taxed. The rationale
> for service tax, therefore, lies not only in arresting the falling
> tax-GDP ratio but also in ipso facto improving allocative efficiency
> in the economy as well as promoting equity. Against this backdrop, the
> service tax needs to be designed taking into account the fact that (i)
> the share of services in GDP is expanding; (ii) failure to tax
> services distorts consumer choices and encourages spending on services
> at the expense of goods; (iii) untaxed service traders are unable to
> claim value added tax (VAT) on service inputs, which encourages
> businesses to develop in-house services, creating further distortion
> and (iv) most services that are likely to become taxable are
> positively correlated with expenditure of high-income households and,
> therefore, service tax improves equity. In the Indian context,
> taxation of services assumes importance in the wake of the need for
> improving the revenue system, ensuring a measure of neutrality in
> taxation between goods and services and eventually helping to evolve
> an efficient system of domestic trade taxes, both at the Central and
> the State levels. The coverage of services under tax net has been
> progressively widened over the years. With effect of the Finance Act,
> 2004. 71 services are presently contributing to the service tax collections. The service tax is applicable to all parts of India
> except the State of Jammu and Kashmir and is leviable on the gross
> amount charged by the service provider from the client. The rate of
> service tax was increased from 5 percent since September 10, 2004.
> With the increase in tax rate and base of service tax, the collections
> from the service tax have shown a steady rise from Rs. 410 crore in
> 1994-95 to Rs. 8,300 crore in 2003-04; however, they accounted for
> only 4.4 percent of the total tax receipts of the Centre (0.3 percent
> of GDP) in 2003-04. Service tax is envisaged as the tax of the future.
> The inclusion of all value added services in the tax net would yield a
> larger amount of revenue and make the existing tax structure more
> elastic. Once the service sector is adequately covered under tax net,
> the buoyant services sector will enable the reversal of declining
> trend in tax buoyancy. Besides raising the revenue buoyancy,
> appropriate taxation of services sector would also provide equity,
> efficiency and consistency in the tax administration as well as
> neutrality for various economic activities. Integration of services
> sector to the tax net would be the prelude to the introduction of a
> full-fledged VAT system.
Levying service tax is most likely to achieve which of the following?
(A) Check on reducing Tax-GDP ratio
(B) Enhancement in allocative efficiency
(C) Promoting equality
- A and B only
- B and C only
- A and C only
- All the three
- None of these
Solution : All the three
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Q285. > The genesis of service tax emanates from the ongoing structural
> transformation of the Indian economy, whereby presently more than
> one-half of GDP originates from the services sector. Despite the
> growing presence of the services sector in the Indian economy, it
> remained out of the tax net prior to 1994-95, leading to a steady
> deterioration in tax-GDP ratio. The service tax was introduced in
> 1994-95 on a select category of services at a low rate of five
> percent. While the service tax rate and the coverage of services being
> taxed have increased ever since, the combined tax-GDP ratio of the
> Centre and States, nevertheless, deteriorated from 16.4 percent in
> 1985-86 to 14.1 percent in 1999-2000. It may be noted that between
> 1990-91 and 1998-99, the share of industrial sector in GDP dropped by
> 6.4 percentage points whereas almost 64 percent of the tax revenue was generated by indirect taxes for which industrial sector continues to
> be the principal tax base. On the other hand, during the same period,
> the share of services sector in GDP has increased by 10 percentage
> points and this sector has still remained poorly taxed. The rationale
> for service tax, therefore, lies not only in arresting the falling
> tax-GDP ratio but also in ipso facto improving allocative efficiency
> in the economy as well as promoting equity. Against this backdrop, the
> service tax needs to be designed taking into account the fact that (i)
> the share of services in GDP is expanding; (ii) failure to tax
> services distorts consumer choices and encourages spending on services
> at the expense of goods; (iii) untaxed service traders are unable to
> claim value added tax (VAT) on service inputs, which encourages
> businesses to develop in-house services, creating further distortion
> and (iv) most services that are likely to become taxable are
> positively correlated with expenditure of high-income households and,
> therefore, service tax improves equity. In the Indian context,
> taxation of services assumes importance in the wake of the need for
> improving the revenue system, ensuring a measure of neutrality in
> taxation between goods and services and eventually helping to evolve
> an efficient system of domestic trade taxes, both at the Central and
> the State levels. The coverage of services under tax net has been
> progressively widened over the years. With effect of the Finance Act,
> 2004. 71 services are presently contributing to the service tax collections. The service tax is applicable to all parts of India
> except the State of Jammu and Kashmir and is leviable on the gross
> amount charged by the service provider from the client. The rate of
> service tax was increased from 5 percent since September 10, 2004.
> With the increase in tax rate and base of service tax, the collections
> from the service tax have shown a steady rise from Rs. 410 crore in
> 1994-95 to Rs. 8,300 crore in 2003-04; however, they accounted for
> only 4.4 percent of the total tax receipts of the Centre (0.3 percent
> of GDP) in 2003-04. Service tax is envisaged as the tax of the future.
> The inclusion of all value added services in the tax net would yield a
> larger amount of revenue and make the existing tax structure more
> elastic. Once the service sector is adequately covered under tax net,
> the buoyant services sector will enable the reversal of declining
> trend in tax buoyancy. Besides raising the revenue buoyancy,
> appropriate taxation of services sector would also provide equity,
> efficiency and consistency in the tax administration as well as
> neutrality for various economic activities. Integration of services
> sector to the tax net would be the prelude to the introduction of a
> full-fledged VAT system.
Which of the following statements is/are definitely true in the context of the passage?
(A) The orbit of service tax has been increased to encompass more and more services.
(B) Despite increasing the coverage of service tax, the actual tax collection is deteriorating significantly.
(C) Despite widening tax net to bring more and more services under it the combined Tax-GDP ratio of Centre and States was reduced during 1986-2000.
- A and B only
- A and C only
- B and C only
- All the three
- None of these
Solution : A and C only
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Solution :
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