i.Modem World can be understood through industrialism. Modern society is industrial society and vice versa. Industrialization may be understood as an entirely new type of economic activity. It consists of (i)application of scientific knowledge and technology to the production process; (ii)creation of large-scale production units; (iii)creation of new types of organizations of production; (iv)constant updating of human skills; (v)an elaborate and comprehensive division of labour mating different types of specialists; (vi)constant growth in technology; (vii)a holistic pattern of investment combining capital, land, labour and technology.

ii.Modem World means a new type of state-system (nation-state) and a large mobilization of human population for political activities (democracy). Modem state-systems are run by 'governments' that are either directly chosen by the people or they indirectly represent the people. The kings and emperors, chosen through the principle of heredity, have not entirely disappeared but have become a rarity under modern conditions.

iii.Modem World includes large-scale urbanization and creation of large cities, emergence of new social classes (middle class, working class, capitalist class), erosion of traditional communities and their replacement by an anonymous mass society, increasing individualization of populations, decline of religion as the central authority to dictate morals and values and an increasing secularization of life.

iv.All the three clusters of changes - economic, political, and social - as mentioned above, are related to one another. The process of secularization, declining hold of religion, and the individualization may be slower in some parts than in others. There might still be areas or regions in the world today where these attributes would be conspicuous by their absence.